Between universalism and fragmentation: the evolution of international human rights standards

Abstract

In the current context of the transformation of the international legal order, discussions regarding the relationship between universalism and fragmentation in the field of human rights protection have taken on particular academic relevance. Various specific factors of the modern era have created conditions for the formation of a global system of international human rights standards, which took place under the influence of the concept of universality-that is, the recognition of the inalienable rights of every individual regardless of borders, cultural, or religious differences. At the same time, the further development of international law, the formation of regional mechanisms, and the emergence of specialized legal regimes have led to a trend toward the fragmentation of these standards.