Насильство і толерантність: філософсько-правове дослідження

Abstract

Дисертація є першим у вітчизняній філософсько-правовій науці комплексним дослідженням насильства і толерантності, в якому представлено системне бачення цих філософсько-правових явищ в умовах новелізації концептуальної та інструментальної методології юриспруденції і євроінтеграційних процесів.

Проаналізовано теоретико-правові основи дослідження насильства і толерантності, подано системний аналіз теоретико-методологічних і онтогносеологічних засад забезпечення захисту людини від протиправного насильства та агресії й гарантування дотримання принципу толерантності. Зазначено, що категорії філософії та філософії права, які використовувалися під час пізнання насильства і толерантності, акумулюють результати розвитку інших окремих наук: юриспруденції, логіки, психології, політології, культурології, лінгвістики, релігієзнавства, соціології тощо.

Актуалізовано проблематику насильства і толерантності як тенденцій розвитку сучасного суспільства. Здійснено філософсько-правовий аналіз насильства як інструменту маніпулювання людською свідомістю. Проаналізовано логіко-методологічний аспект взаємодії феномена насильства зі свідомістю людини та відображення його у громадській думці.

Встановлено, що поєднання антропологічного, системного, цивілізаційного й аксіологічного підходів при дослідженні застосування насильства у соціумі допомагає подолати тенденцію тотального звуження насильства до суто соціального явища, яке розглядається лише як злочинна діяльність, що належить до сфери кримінального права.

Розкрито співвідношення насильства і агресії, насильства і нормативності, насильства і права, насильства і справедливості, насильства і порядку, насильства і релігії, насильства і психології.

Підкреслено, що лише в рамках толерантного підходу (як частини світоглядного, внутрішнього) можна шукати ефективне рішення проблем подолання насильства у міжнародних відносинах, оскільки його глибинні, початкові причини знаходяться, перш за все, в морально-етичній площині.

In the thesis philosophical and legal aspects of violence and tolerance have been studied, in particular theoretical and legal principles as to the violence and tolerance investigation have been analyzed, system analysis on theoretical and legal and ontognoseological foundations for providing protection of a person against unlawful violence and aggression, securing the observation of principle of tolerance have been given. It has been noted that the categories of philosophy and philosophy of law that were applied during the cognition of violence and tolerance cumulate the results of advanced studies in the other fields of science: jurisprudence, logic, psychology, political science, culturology, linguistics, religious studies, sociology, etc. These categories are interrelated so that the each of them can be only comprehended as a part of the whole of the system.

The problems of violence and tolerance, as well as the development trends in contemporary society have been shown as actual ones. The philosophical and legal analysis of violence as an instrument of manipulating human consciousness has been carried out. It has been established that state-of-the-art achievements in the field of psychophysiological sciences equip some politicians and ideologists with methods of manipulating human consciousness. The comprehension of violence as a certain external force that – similarly to natural calamities – is influenced by external factors is formed in human consciousness. Social predominance of onesided views on the causes of origin of violence and the methods of violence control is a result of such purposeful work. According to such views any violence is an evil an accurate response to which is only to be an infliction of an equivalent evil to the evil carriers. The logical and methodological aspect of interaction between the phenomenon of violence and human consciousness and its representation in public opinion has been analyzed.

It has been established that the combination of anthropological, systemic, civilizational and axiological approaches in the case of the investigation of application of violence in social medium helps to overcome a trend of total reduction of violence to a purely social phenomenon to be only regarded as a criminal activity related to the field of criminal law.

An interrelationship of violence and aggression, violence and normativeness, violence and law, violence and justice, violence and order, violence and religion, violence and psychology has been revealed

It has been stated the lack of an unambiguous definition of tolerance and the availability of multiple approaches to the determination of tolerance basis which is typical for such complex social phenomena. Besides, an explicit identification of tolerance and allowance, even the applications of such notions as synonyms is in evidence not only at an everyday level but also at a doctrinal level of examination thereof. The convergence of standpoints of various authors is traced in the availability of ethical composition of the tolerance basis.

It has been emphasized that within the framework of a tolerant approach - as a part of an internal, world outlook one - it is possible only to look for an effective solving of problems of overcoming of violation in international relations because its deep, original causes are – above all – in a moral and ethical aspect.

The thesis is the first complex system research in the national science of philosophy of law on violence and tolerance as pair-wise development trends in the contemporary society and the substantiation of twoness of law categories – aggression and tolerance.

The weighty results of the thesis research that have been obtained personally by the author and characterize a scientific novelty of work consist in:

– Violence and tolerance as main pair-wise development trends in the contemporary society have been determined by using the prism of complex philosophical and legal analysis and also theoretical propositions aimed at solving related problems have been laid down.

– Violence and tolerance as main pair-wise development trends in the contemporary society have been determined by using the prism of complex philosophical and legal analysis and also theoretical propositions aimed at solving related problems have been laid down.

– It has been established that an increase in violence acquiring new dangerous forms is the result of domination of the anticulture of militarism during a prolonged period. It has been revealed that the essence of militarization process is due to European mentality with an inherent aggressiveness. In the meantime, the European ideology of multiculturalism that is based on tolerance is only capable to overcome the anticulture of militarism as a survival of times past.

– A provision concerning the twoness of the law categories of aggression and tolerance has been put forward and substantiated. It is held that aggression and tolerance being pair-wise categories are two sides of the whole entity and cannot exist without each other.

The study on twoness of the categories of aggression and tolerance has been conceptualized and the theoretical propositions concerning the introduction of results of the thesis have been formulated.

– Common features of the contradictions of aggression and tolerance that has allowed to establish moments of their unity (within the framework of the same essence) in the legal sphere have been analyzed. Common features of the pairwise phenomena of aggression and tolerance, their specificities, the problems of internal and external interaction have been studied that has allowed to consider the specificities of the mutual interaction, the interaction of one phenomenon with the other one – within the framework of all revealed moments of unity because each of the contradictions denies the other one in a certain manner. A quality-quantity nonequivalence of opposite legal phenomena in the course of their interaction that is represented by the domination of aggression and tolerance over each other at certain stages of development both of precisely these phenomena and in societies 40 where they find their expression that have an effect on corresponding categories have been revealed

– In the course of the analysis of the concept of the twoness of categories of aggression and tolerance, interaction therebetween has been established as a source of self-motion, activity and development by means of which the internal connection of this pair, the interrelation between indicated phenomena, their elements (kinds) is established.

– In the course of the analysis of the concept of the twoness of categories of aggression and tolerance, interaction therebetween has been established as a source of self-motion, activity and development by means of which the internal connection of this pair, the interrelation between indicated phenomena, their elements (kinds) is established.

– The synergetic and anthropological effectiveness of the twoness of categories of aggression and tolerance has been revealed. The knowledge of the mechanisms of synergetic efficiency of the twoness of categories of aggression and tolerance offers the opportunity to control the processes of developing the social system in the direction of success or expected outcome. The anthropological efficiency of the twoness of categories of aggression and tolerance offers the opportunity to cultivate a sense of solidarity with other people, to direct the social interaction between members of society which, as a result, will offer opportunity to decrease the violence trends in the development of contemporary society, will favor the enforcement in its natural dimension.